Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT (2010) Statistical algorithms in Review Manager 5.

Odds ratios should be avoided when events are common. Altman DG (1991) Practical statistics for medical research.

A standard normal deviate ( z-value) is calculated as ln(OR)/SE, and the P-value is the area of the normal distribution that falls outside ± z (see Values of the Normal distribution table). Test of significance: the P-value is calculated according to Sheskin, 2004 (p. Where zeros cause problems with computation of the odds ratio or its standard error, 0.5 is added to all cells (a, b, c, d) (Pagano & Gauvreau, 2000 Deeks & Higgins, 2010). With the standard error of the log odds ratio being Oxford: Blackwell Science.The odds ratio (OR), its standard error and 95% confidence interval are calculated according to Altman, 1991. Kirkwood BR, Sterne JAC (2003) Essential medical statistics, 2 nd ed.(Version 22.009 accessed July 7, 2023) Literature The P-value is the area of the t distribution with n−1 degrees of freedom, that falls outside ± t (see Values of the t distribution table). Or when the hypothesized mean is k and the standard deviation is s: The P-value is calculated using the one sample t-test, with the value t calculated as: The P-value is the probability of obtaining the observed mean in the sample if the null hypothesis value were the true value. A significance value (P-value) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of the observed mean is reported. This procedure calculates the difference of an observed mean with a hypothesized value. Test mean is equal to: enter the value to compare the mean to.The observed sample mean, standard deviation and sample size (n).The Test for one mean can be used to test the hypothesis that a sample mean is equal to a given mean (with unknown standard deviation) or certified value.

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